Home

Published

- 25 min read

A Guide to the Yasawa Islands, Fiji

Yasawa Islands Island Guide Fiji Travel Island Hopping
img of A Guide to the Yasawa Islands, Fiji

There is a particular moment that most Yasawa Islands visitors describe in nearly identical terms: you’re standing on the bow of the Yasawa Flyer somewhere north of the Mamanucas, the low green hills of Nadi have long since disappeared behind you, and ahead of you the Yasawa chain rises from the sea in a succession of dark volcanic peaks — steep, dramatic, ancient-looking. The water shifts from cobalt to turquoise to the particular shade of blue-green that travel photographers spend careers trying to accurately reproduce. You understand, immediately, why people keep coming back.

The Yasawa Islands form one of Fiji’s most spectacular island chains — a string of 20 or so volcanic islands and islets stretching roughly 90 kilometres north from the Mamanuca Group. They are genuinely remote by Pacific standards: no proper roads, no towns beyond small villages, no supermarkets, and electricity that typically runs only until 10pm. What they offer instead is the kind of scenery that made Fiji famous — cliffs dropping into extraordinarily clear water, white-sand beaches backed by coconut palms, coral reefs in good health, and Fijian communities living much as they have for generations. It’s the sort of place that resets your sense of what “normal” can look like.

The comparison with the Mamanuca Islands is worth making explicitly, because many Fiji visitors treat the two groups as interchangeable when they’re actually quite distinct. The Mamanucas are 20–45 minutes from Port Denarau, polished and relatively developed, with a range of accommodation from budget to genuinely luxurious. The Yasawas take longer to reach, are less developed, considerably cheaper for equivalent accommodation, and feel authentically remote in a way the Mamanucas — for all their considerable beauty — do not. Getting to the Yasawas requires planning and a willingness to spend time on a ferry. It is, without qualification, worth it.

Getting There: The Yasawa Flyer

The primary and most popular way to reach the Yasawa Islands is aboard the Yasawa Flyer, operated by South Sea Cruises. This large, comfortable catamaran departs Port Denarau Marina in Nadi daily at 8:30am and works its way up the chain, stopping at each resort jetty before reversing the journey back down. It’s the backbone of Yasawa travel and the reason island-hopping through the chain is feasible for independent travellers.

Journey times depend on your destination. The southern Yasawa islands — Kuata, Wayasewa, and Waya — are roughly two to two-and-a-half hours from Denarau. The central islands around Naviti and Nanuya Lailai are three to four hours out. The northern Yasawas, including Nacula and Yasawa Island itself, are four to five-and-a-half hours from the departure point. The boat is comfortable enough — it’s a large, modern catamaran with indoor seating, a small café serving basic food and drinks, and outdoor deck space — but passengers prone to seasickness should be aware that the crossing can be choppy, particularly in the winter months when trade winds are active. Bring seasickness tablets if you have any concerns.

The game-changer for independent and budget travellers is the Bula Pass — a hop-on-hop-off ferry pass that allows you to board and disembark at any stop along the route for a fixed number of days. Pass options currently available are:

  • 3-day pass: approximately FJD $290 / AUD $195
  • 5-day pass: approximately FJD $420 / AUD $280
  • 7-day pass: approximately FJD $510 / AUD $340
  • 10-day pass: approximately FJD $620 / AUD $415

These prices cover all ferry travel within the pass period, so the longer your stay and the more islands you visit, the better the value. A 5-day or 7-day pass is the most commonly chosen option for travellers who want to see two or three islands without spending the majority of their time in transit. Passes can be booked directly through the South Sea Cruises website (southseacruises.com) or through any travel agent in Nadi — the Port Denarau Marina booking office is also open daily.

One practical note: the Yasawa Flyer is also used by resort guests and day-trippers into the Mamanucas, so it can feel busy on the southern section of the route. Once you’re past the Mamanuca stops and properly into the Yasawas, the passenger load typically thins out considerably. Bag storage is available below deck. Get there early to claim a seat on the upper outdoor deck for the first stretch of the journey — the views as you clear the Mamanucas and see the Yasawa chain emerge ahead of you are genuinely memorable.

Getting There: Other Options

The Yasawa Flyer is how most independent travellers reach the islands, but it’s not the only option.

Fiji Link (Fiji Airways’ regional arm) operates scheduled flights to a small number of airstrips in the Yasawa chain, primarily serving Yasawa Island and occasionally other northern islands. Flight time from Nadi is roughly 30–45 minutes compared to four to five hours by ferry. Flights are not cheap relative to the ferry — expect to pay upwards of FJD $450–$650 each way — but for travellers with limited time or those heading directly to the northern Yasawas, the option is worth examining. Schedules are limited and change seasonally, so check current timetables directly with Fiji Link before building a plan around them.

Helicopter transfers are offered by several of the Yasawa’s more upscale properties, including Yasawa Island Resort. These transfers are arranged at the time of booking and are invariably expensive — pricing is typically available on request and varies depending on the number of passengers and departure point. They’re genuinely spectacular if you can justify the cost: flying low over the chain at dawn, watching the coral reefs light up below you, is not a forgettable experience.

Private boat charters can be arranged from Port Denarau for groups or travellers who want to reach a specific island on their own schedule. Local operators on the marina can quote for day charters or multi-day runs into the chain. This is a significantly more expensive option than the Yasawa Flyer but gives you complete flexibility over timing and stops.

For the vast majority of visitors — particularly those on a Bula Pass — the Yasawa Flyer is the right answer. Book early in peak season (June–August), when the ferry can be fully subscribed weeks in advance.

The Islands: A Quick Guide

The Yasawa chain runs broadly south to north, and most Bula Pass travellers begin at the southern end and work their way up. Here’s a quick orientation to the main islands.

Kuata Island is the southernmost proper Yasawa stop and many travellers’ first experience of the chain. It’s known primarily for its marine life — snorkelling directly off the island’s jetty puts you in the water with white-tipped reef sharks and, during the right season, manta rays. Barefoot Kuata Resort operates a marine conservation programme here that allows guests to participate in shark tagging and coral monitoring. The island is relatively small and the landscape is dominated by rocky volcanic outcrops rather than long beaches, but the underwater world is exceptional.

Wayasewa Island lies just north of Kuata and is dominated by a dramatic volcanic peak that rises steeply from the shoreline. It’s a smaller island with limited accommodation, but the views from the high ground — accessed via a reasonably demanding hike — are extraordinary. Wayasewa is often treated as a single stop en route to the more popular islands further north.

Waya Island is widely regarded as offering the best hiking in the Yasawa chain. The ridgeline walk to the summit of the island’s central peak requires a local guide (available through accommodation operators on the island) and a full morning, but the reward is a panoramic view across the Yasawa chain and the ocean beyond that is difficult to overstate. Waya also has several villages that welcome visitors — the Octopus Resort here is one of the Yasawas’ more established mid-range operations and a favourite on the backpacker circuit.

Naviti Island is the largest island in the Yasawa chain and offers more accommodation variety than most other stops. It’s home to several reef systems in good condition and is one of the better islands for diving. The Drawaqa Passage, between Naviti and the island of Nanuya Lailai to the north, is famous for manta ray encounters — the channel acts as a cleaning station for mantas between May and October, making Naviti one of the most reliable manta ray destinations in the Pacific.

Nanuya Lailai is perhaps the most famous island in the Yasawas, primarily because the Blue Lagoon — the sheltered, impossibly turquoise stretch of water filmed for the 1980 movie of the same name — sits here. The lagoon is as beautiful in person as it looks in photographs: glassy, warm, and ringed by a crescent of white sand. Several budget and mid-range operations are based here and on the immediately surrounding islands. Turtle Island, the famous private island retreat, sits just north of Nanuya Lailai.

Tavewa Island is a small island popular with backpackers, with simple budget accommodation and a relaxed atmosphere. It sits within easy reach of the Blue Lagoon, and many budget travellers base themselves here for exploring the lagoon by kayak or snorkelling gear.

Nacula Island is one of the northern Yasawa islands and a genuinely rewarding stop. The snorkelling around Nacula is excellent — the reefs here are well-preserved and the visibility is outstanding. Blue Lagoon Beach Resort is based on Nacula and is one of the more organised mid-range operations in the northern chain. Village visits from Nacula are particularly easy to arrange through your accommodation.

Yasawa Island at the very top of the chain is the most remote of the accessible Yasawa stops. The Yasawa Island Resort here is the chain’s single serious luxury property — 18 bures spread along a beach with no other resort in sight. The island has a beautiful cave system (Sawa-i-Lau Caves, which most guests visit by boat from here), exceptional beaches, and a level of seclusion that few Pacific island properties can genuinely claim.

Where to Stay: Budget

Budget accommodation in the Yasawa Islands is genuinely good value by any Pacific standard, and the Bula Pass is specifically designed to make it work. Most budget properties in the chain follow a similar model: basic but clean bures with en suite or shared bathrooms, two or three meals per day included in the nightly rate, and activities available at additional cost. Don’t expect air conditioning, unlimited hot water, or reliable Wi-Fi — these things largely don’t exist at budget price points in the Yasawas, and accepting that upfront makes the experience considerably more enjoyable.

Barefoot Kuata Resort on Kuata Island is typically the first stop for Bula Pass backpackers and justifiably popular. Dorm and private bure accommodation is available from around FJD $180–$250 per person per night including meals. The shark snorkelling experience makes it worth at least two nights.

Mantaray Island Resort on Naviti Island is one of the Yasawas’ most beloved budget stops, with a lively, social atmosphere and reliable manta ray and reef shark snorkelling in season. Dorm beds run from around FJD $150–$170 per night including meals; private bures cost more. The dive operation here is well-organised and among the better value options in the chain.

Octopus Resort on Waya Island is the budget accommodation that most consistently exceeds expectations. The property is well-run, the food is genuinely good for the price point, and the combination of excellent hiking and snorkelling makes it easy to fill three to four nights without repeating yourself. Private bures from around FJD $250–$320 per person per night including meals.

Gold Coast Inn on Nanuya Lailai is a longstanding backpacker favourite positioned in easy reach of the Blue Lagoon. It’s simple, friendly, and inexpensive — exactly what budget travellers coming to this stretch of the chain are after.

The honest thing to say about budget Yasawa accommodation is that the experience often punches above its price class because the surroundings are extraordinary. A basic bure with a beach like this one would cost three times the price in Thailand or Bali. Manage expectations around creature comforts and you’re likely to be pleasantly surprised.

Where to Stay: Mid-Range

The Yasawas’ mid-range accommodation tier is where the chain arguably offers its best value proposition — properties that deliver genuine comfort, character, and a real sense of place without the four-figure-per-night price tag of the top-end options.

Blue Lagoon Beach Resort on Nacula Island is one of the northern chain’s most reliably good mid-range options. The property has a mix of bure styles at different price points, a good dining operation, and excellent snorkelling directly accessible from the beach. It’s also well-positioned for day trips to Sawa-i-Lau Caves. Expect to pay from around FJD $650–$900 per couple per night inclusive of meals.

Navutu Stars Resort on Yaqeta Island (accessible via the Yasawa Flyer) is the standout boutique property in the Yasawa chain and one of the most genuinely charming small resorts in Fiji. Just 11 villas, exceptional food, a beautifully managed east-facing beach that catches the morning light perfectly, and a staff-to-guest ratio that makes the service feel genuinely personal. It attracts couples and travellers specifically seeking to disconnect — not much happens here except reading, snorkelling, eating well, and watching the light change over the lagoon. From around FJD $800–$1,100 per couple per night including meals.

Botaira Beach Resort on Naviti Island is a relaxed, well-regarded mid-range property popular with couples and slightly older travellers who want comfort without formality. The house reef is among the better ones along the Naviti coastline, the accommodation is tidy and attractive, and the atmosphere is genuinely unhurried. From around FJD $600–$850 per couple per night inclusive of meals.

Turtle Island, while often bracketed with the luxury tier, deserves mention here as a mid-budget entry point for travellers who are willing to stretch. It’s all-inclusive, adult-only, and takes a maximum of 14 couples — a level of exclusivity that is extraordinary for the price if you catch a promotion or off-peak rate. At standard pricing it sits firmly in the luxury bracket, but it’s worth checking current rates before ruling it out.

Where to Stay: Luxury

The Yasawa Islands are not primarily a luxury destination — that’s part of the point of coming here — but two properties genuinely warrant the description and stand comparison with the finest small resorts in the Pacific.

Yasawa Island Resort at the northern tip of the chain is the flagship of Yasawa luxury. Eighteen individual bures are positioned along a stretch of private beach facing the ocean, with no other development visible in any direction. The property does not accept children under 12, which keeps the atmosphere adult-focused and exceptionally quiet. Meals are excellent, the diving and snorkelling are outstanding, and the caves at Sawa-i-Lau are accessible by a short boat trip directly from the resort. This is genuinely remote — supply boats come on a schedule, and getting here requires either the Yasawa Flyer’s longest journey or a private flight. Rates start from around FJD $1,800–$2,400 per couple per night all-inclusive, depending on the season and villa category.

Turtle Island sits near Nanuya Lailai and has been operating as a private island retreat since the early 1980s — it appeared in the original Blue Lagoon film and built its reputation over four decades as one of the Pacific’s most genuinely romantic destinations. The island is yours and your fellow guests’: a maximum of 14 couples at any time, across multiple private beaches, with a staff contingent significantly larger than the guest count. It’s all-inclusive, mobile phones are discouraged in most areas of the resort (a designated area has signal for those who need it), and the emphasis is on complete disconnection. Rates start from around USD $2,500 per couple per night all-inclusive. It is expensive. It is also, by most accounts from people who have stayed there, extraordinary.

The honest trade-off at both properties is that you’re paying heavily for remoteness and exclusivity that the rest of the Yasawas provide at a fraction of the price. If seclusion, service, and fine food in an extraordinary setting is exactly what you want, both deliver completely.

Activities in the Yasawas

Snorkelling is the daily activity for most Yasawa visitors, and the chain’s reefs consistently reward the effort. The best snorkelling areas — around Kuata, Naviti’s Drawaqa Passage, and the Nacula area — are accessible directly from the shore or via a short boat transfer from your accommodation. Water visibility in the Yasawas is exceptional, regularly reaching 25–30 metres, and the reef systems are in noticeably better condition than many parts of the Mamanucas. A basic snorkel set is available to borrow from most accommodation operators, though bringing your own mask (for hygiene and fit) is recommended.

Scuba diving is available from most mid-range and budget resorts, with dedicated dive operations on Kuata, Naviti (Mantaray Island Resort and Botaira), Waya (Octopus Resort), and Yasawa Island Resort. The diving quality varies between sites but the Drawaqa Passage stands out for its reliability and the experience of diving among manta rays in an open channel setting. Two-tank dives typically cost FJD $250–$320 including equipment hire. Certification courses are available at several operators.

Manta ray encounters at Drawaqa Passage deserve a specific mention. The passage between Naviti and Nanuya Lailai functions as a cleaning station where mantas aggregate to have parasites removed by reef fish — a behaviour that makes them slow-moving, predictable, and closely approachable. Between May and October, encounters are frequent enough to be nearly guaranteed if you spend two or more nights in the area. Out of season, sightings are possible but less reliable. It is one of the more extraordinary wildlife encounters available in the Pacific.

Village visits are a genuinely rewarding part of any Yasawa itinerary, but they should be approached with appropriate care. Fijian villages follow their own protocols for welcoming visitors, and the correct introduction involves a sevusevu — a presentation of yaqona (kava root) to the village chief or his representative. This is not a performative ritual; it’s a genuine social protocol that signals respect and formally acknowledges the visit. Your accommodation operator will explain the process and can usually supply the yaqona if you haven’t brought your own. When visiting, dress modestly (shoulders and knees covered), remove hats when entering the village or meeting elders, and follow the lead of your guide. Villages in the Yasawas are not exhibits — they’re living communities that welcome visitors on their own terms.

Sawa-i-Lau Caves, located near Yasawa Island at the northern end of the chain, are one of the Yasawas’ most extraordinary natural features and one of Fiji’s genuinely unmissable experiences. The caves are a limestone cavern accessible by boat, involving a swim through a short underwater passage (roughly two to three metres, easily managed by confident swimmers) that deposits you inside a vast cathedral-like chamber with natural light filtering down from an opening far above. The water inside is clear and warm, the acoustics are remarkable, and the experience of floating in this enclosed space with light pouring down from above is genuinely affecting. Most resorts in the northern Yasawas organise day trips to Sawa-i-Lau — expect to pay around FJD $80–$120 per person for the boat trip.

Hiking is available on several islands but Waya Island is the standout destination for anyone who wants to earn their views. The ridge walk to the high point of Waya’s central peak is a proper hike — steep, occasionally scrambling, requiring a level of fitness and appropriate footwear — but the panorama from the top across the Yasawa chain and the Mamanucas to the south is one of the finest views available in Fiji. A local guide is required and can be arranged through Octopus Resort or independently through the village. Allow a full half-day including the descent.

Kayaking is available at most properties and is a wonderful way to explore the coastline, reach nearby snorkel spots, and access small beaches that the ferry doesn’t serve. Sea conditions in the Yasawas are generally calm within the lee of the islands, though the exposed western coasts can be choppy. Ask your accommodation operator about recommended routes and any areas to avoid.

Cultural experiences beyond village visits include traditional cooking demonstrations, weaving lessons, cultural performances (meke — traditional Fijian dance), and kava ceremonies. The quality and authenticity of these varies by operator. The more genuine experiences tend to happen organically through the village visit process rather than as staged evening entertainment, though the latter can still be enjoyable for those who appreciate the introduction to Fijian cultural tradition.

Planning Tips

When to visit: The Yasawas experience two distinct seasons. The dry season runs from May through October and is the optimal time to visit — warm but not oppressively hot, reliably sunny, with relatively calm seas and excellent visibility for diving and snorkelling. June, July, and August are peak months and the Yasawa Flyer can be fully booked weeks in advance; accommodation in this period should be reserved as early as possible. The wet season runs from November through April, which coincides with Fiji’s cyclone season. Cyclones are relatively rare and travel is possible during this period — accommodation prices drop considerably and the chain is much quieter — but some resorts close seasonally and weather can make ferry travel uncomfortable. If your dates fall in the wet season, check resort operating schedules before booking.

How long to spend: A minimum of three nights in the Yasawas is needed to justify the travel time involved. Given the Yasawa Flyer takes up to five hours to reach the northern islands, arriving and leaving on the same day is not viable. A 5-night Bula Pass is the sweet spot for first-time visitors — enough time to see two or three islands without feeling rushed. For those who want to work their way through the chain properly, a 7 or 10-day pass allows a genuine island-hopping itinerary from Kuata in the south to Nacula or Yasawa in the north. Budget travellers who want to experience the full chain (including Sawa-i-Lau) should allow 8–10 days minimum.

What to pack: Cash is essential. Most Yasawa accommodation does not accept credit cards, or charges a significant surcharge for card payments, and there are no ATMs on the islands. Withdraw FJD in Nadi before boarding the ferry — allow for accommodation costs, activity fees, and FJD $5–$20 for village sevusevu presentations. Bring reef-safe sunscreen only; most Yasawa properties ask guests to avoid chemical sunscreens that damage coral systems, and some actively enforce this. Pack at least one outfit suitable for village visits: modest clothing that covers shoulders and knees. Lightweight cotton is practical in the heat. A dry bag for kayaking and boat transfers is very useful. Bring any medications you need and a basic first-aid kit — the nearest pharmacy is in Nadi. A portable power bank is valuable given evening electricity outages at budget properties.

Mobile connectivity: Expect limited and unreliable mobile signal throughout the Yasawas. Vodafone Fiji has the best coverage of the available networks, but even that is patchy north of Naviti and unreliable at most budget accommodation. Mid-range and luxury properties typically have some Wi-Fi, often restricted to certain times or areas. This is one of the Yasawas’ genuine virtues if you approach it with the right attitude — and one of its genuine inconveniences if you were expecting to stay connected. Inform family or colleagues that you will be difficult to reach during your time in the chain, and embrace the disconnection.

Ferry logistics: The Yasawa Flyer departs Port Denarau at 8:30am daily. Port Denarau is approximately 6km from Nadi town and easily reached by taxi (roughly FJD $15–$20 from most Nadi hotels). Factor in time to check in at the South Sea Cruises desk before departure — they open early and you should arrive at least 30 minutes before departure. The return journey operates in reverse, arriving back at Denarau in the late afternoon. If you have an international flight departing from Nadi, ensure you’re catching the Yasawa Flyer with enough buffer days to avoid a tight connection — weather delays can occasionally affect the schedule.

Final Thoughts

The Yasawa Islands are not the easiest or most convenient part of Fiji to visit. They require a commitment: a long ferry journey, accommodation that may lack the comforts you’re used to, limited restaurant choices, and days largely structured around what the natural environment offers rather than what a resort activity programme has scheduled. For a certain type of traveller, all of this is precisely the point. The remoteness, the simplicity, the extraordinary landscapes, and the genuine encounters with Fijian communities that the chain makes possible — these are not incidental features of the Yasawa experience. They are the Yasawa experience.

What the islands deliver in return is genuinely difficult to replicate elsewhere: some of the most beautiful water in the Pacific, reefs that are still in excellent health, the unhurried pace of a place that hasn’t been developed to the point of losing what made it worth visiting in the first place, and the quiet satisfaction of being somewhere that most people who “go to Fiji” never actually reach. Plan carefully, bring cash and patience in equal measure, and the Yasawas will almost certainly exceed what you’re expecting.


Frequently Asked Questions

How do I get to the Yasawa Islands?

The main route is the Yasawa Flyer catamaran operated by South Sea Cruises, which departs Port Denarau Marina in Nadi daily at 8:30am. Journey times range from two hours to the southern Yasawas to four to five-and-a-half hours to the northern tip. Fiji Link operates scheduled flights to some Yasawa airstrips, including Yasawa Island itself. Several luxury properties offer helicopter transfers, and private boat charters can be arranged from Port Denarau.

What is the Bula Pass and how does it work?

The Bula Pass is a hop-on-hop-off ferry pass sold by South Sea Cruises that allows you to board and disembark the Yasawa Flyer at any stop along the route for a fixed number of days. Passes are available as 3, 5, 7, or 10-day options, ranging from approximately FJD $290 to FJD $620. You can travel up and down the chain as many times as you like within the pass period, staying as many nights as you choose at each island. It’s the primary way independent and budget travellers island-hop through the Yasawas.

What is the best time of year to visit the Yasawa Islands?

The dry season from May through October is the best time to visit — warm, sunny, and with calm seas and excellent underwater visibility. June, July, and August are peak months when accommodation and the ferry can be booked out weeks in advance. The wet season from November through April coincides with Fiji’s cyclone season; travel is still possible and accommodation is considerably cheaper, but some resorts close and weather can be unpredictable.

How much money do I need per day in the Yasawas?

Budget travellers staying in dorm or basic bure accommodation with meals included typically spend FJD $180–$300 per person per day, including accommodation, activities, and incidentals. Add ferry costs if you’re moving between islands. Mid-range travellers in private bures at properties like Navutu Stars or Botaira Beach Resort should budget FJD $400–$600 per person per day including meals. Cash is essential — most Yasawa properties don’t accept credit cards, or charge surcharges for card payments, and there are no ATMs on the islands.

Can you swim inside the Sawa-i-Lau Caves?

Yes, and it’s one of the most memorable experiences in the Yasawas. The caves are reached by boat from resorts in the northern chain and involve swimming through a short underwater passage (around two to three metres) to access the main cavern. The passage is shallow and easily managed by confident swimmers. Inside, the water is warm and clear, and natural light filters down through an opening in the cavern ceiling above. Most northern Yasawa resorts organise day trips, costing around FJD $80–$120 per person.

Are the Yasawa Islands suitable for families with children?

The Yasawas can work well for families with older children and teenagers, particularly those who are comfortable snorkelling, happy with limited structured entertainment, and able to manage the ferry journey. Younger children — particularly toddlers and infants — are less well-suited to the Yasawa experience: accommodation is basic, facilities are minimal, and the four-to-five-hour ferry journey to the northern islands is demanding. Families with young children are generally better served by the larger resort properties on Viti Levu’s Coral Coast or the Mamanuca Islands, where facilities, shallow swimming areas, and kids’ clubs are available. Note that Yasawa Island Resort does not accept children under 12.

What should I wear for a village visit in the Yasawas?

Modest clothing is expected and required. Dress to cover your shoulders and knees when visiting any Fijian village — lightweight cotton trousers or a sulu (a traditional wrap-around skirt, available cheaply in Nadi markets) for legs, and a light shirt that covers the shoulders. Remove your hat when entering the village and when greeting elders. The presentation of sevusevu (kava root to the chief) is the formal introduction that opens the visit; your accommodation operator will guide you through this process and can usually supply the yaqona if needed. Photography within the village should be done with permission and consideration — ask your guide for the appropriate etiquette in each specific community.

By: Sarika Nand